Patirnt's Privacy & Public trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Patirnt's Privacy & Public trust - Essay Example Patient's Medical File’s Privacy Berle, I. (2011). Privacy and Confidentiality: What is the Difference. Journal Of Visual Communication In Medicine, 34(1), 43-44. doi:10.3109/17453054.2011.550845 Privacy and confidentiality are paramount in ensuring a good doctor-patient relationship. Berle notes the distinction between the two in the medical context that governs that relationship. He clarifies two misconceptions between privacy and confidentiality and their considerations, under the Human Rights Act. This article, however, misses more precise ideas. The article requires empowerment by providing related and serious issues of privacy and confidentiality. However, I found this citation as a good source for my research. The difference between privacy and confidentiality, according to Belle, is to raise awareness and restate the concepts of responsible rules to protect patients and providers to the right processing. Other than doctor’s nurses too are responsible for ensurin g patient confidentiality. Mcgowan, C. (2012). Patients' Confidentiality. Critical Care Nurse, 32(5), 61-65. doi:10.4037/ccn2012135 Nurses, under law, serve as key parties in ensuring that patient information remains confidential and only authorized personnel receive access to it. As a working nurse, Mcgowan bases the article on her practical experince in the hospital medical service at Emerson Hospital in Concord, Massachusetts. She points out the main rules and polices that nurses follow during their duties to protect the privacy of the patients. She notes the conflict that arises when family members and friends request for patient information from the nurses. The article however concludes by clearing the air and giving a list of health care providers and other parties authorized to share the patient's information. Nevertheless, confidentiality has limits; and certain circumstances necessitate the breach of this confidentiality. Sankar, P., Mora, S., Jones, N. L.,& Merz, J. F., (2 003), Patient Perspectives of Medical Perspectives, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(8), 659-669, Doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003 Patient confidentiality is a vital aspect in medical healthcare. As a result, the perspective of patients in understanding this is necessary. This article explores the way patients view doctor-patient confidentiality. Findings show that many patients are unaware about the details concerning the nondisclosure laws of patient information by medical professionals. As a result, many patients overestimate or underestimate the ethical laws protecting them from unauthorized disclosure. There is a deep need for patients to learn about their ethical rights regarding confidentiality. In addition, the paper cites that public education ought to teach patients on the limitations of such laws and the circumstances under which this confidentiality agreement fails to hold. Reports on the paper also explain the effect of the patient’s perception on confidentia lity on seeking medical help. Several patients report that fear of disclosure of their medical records leads to their lack of seeking medical attention. Confidentiality and Its Limits (2011) Hastings Center Report, 41(6), 12 To guarantee the welfare of a patient, medical personnel at times breach the confidentiality of patient data. The article elaborates circumstances that necessitate the breaching of the non-disclosure contract, and the impact such actions hold on public trust on health systems.

A ghost story Essay Example for Free

A ghost story Essay The Turn of the Screw is a story written in 1898 and from a governess point of view. In the main story the governess thinks the two children she is caring for are under the evil influence of two ghosts, Miss Jessel and Peter Quint. What we would expect from an opening to a ghost story written in 1898 is to be launched straight into the plot. We would expect this because this grips the readers attention and makes you want to read on. We would also expect the setting to be introduced because this makes you become involved in the story. We would expect the language to be complex because this is the style that was used in the eighteen hundreds. We would expect the characters to be introduced and to become real to the reader. We would expect this because the reader will not believe in the characters if they do not seem realistic. We would also expect atmosphere to be created because this prepares the reader for a ghost story and makes the reader feel part of the story. We would also expect tension to be created because this makes us want to read on. The Turn of the Screw is in some ways typical of an opening to a ghost story written in the eighteen hundreds because the style is complex: for the first sentence, which is long, dense and contains four conjunctions. This however suits the Turn of the Screw because it mirrors the complexity of the story. Similarly the Turn of the Screw is typical of an opening to a ghost story because atmosphere is created. There is a sinister feel created; this is because it is set on Christmas Eve in an old house. This prepares us for a ghost story that is about to be told. The group of strangers is sat round the fire in an old fashioned house. This gives the impression of a traditional setting for telling ghost stories. The fact that it is a group of strangers also makes it seem spookier. The atmosphere is emphasised when the members of the group pick up their candlesticks before they go to bed. This adds to the feeling that everything is very old fashioned and spooky. This is in keeping with ghost stories as they are usually set in old fashioned and have spooky atmosphere to them especially the setting. It also lets you imagine the scene of flickering candles in an old fashioned house. When Douglas goes up to bed the rest of the group heard his step on the stair. This gives the reader the impression that Douglas footsteps are echoing through the great brown hall. This adds to the atmosphere because the footsteps are echoing and spooky. The great brown hall also adds to the idea of the old fashioned house.

Ethnic Identity and the Maintenance of Heritage Languages Essays

Ethnic Identity and the Maintenance of Heritage Languages ‘Neither ethnicity nor mother tongue nor even identities can be treated as things, commodities, that one can choose and discard like an old coat at will’ ~Tove Skutnabb-Kangas (qtd in Fishman 55) Broadly speaking, â€Å"language policy† in the United States is thought of as a covert policy. Schiffman (2000) writes of the challenges of researching this field, given that issues of language are usually addressed subordinately to other issues. In Schiffman’s view, it is a fallacy to assume that the U.S. government is neutral in regard to issues of language simply because the U.S. does not have an official language; in actuality, the strength of this â€Å"covert† policy lies in how the government deals with issues of language in conjunction with, for example, education and immigration policies (Schiffman 211). Despite America’s history of immigration and linguistic diversity, the only overt piece of legislation passed whose purpose was to protect a specific language’s use was the Native American Languages Act of 1990 (Schiffman 263), which stated that protecting Native American languages was the â€Å"policy† of the United States g overnment. From the 19th century onward, English, then, has served as a â€Å"de facto† language of the United States, although no laws in addition to the previously mentioned act have been enacted to protect the rights of speakers of languages other than English. Many researchers have pointed out how the federal government did not intervene in issues of language, because the right to speak a language was considered a natural extension of living in a democratic society, and therefore did not have to be protected under the law (as cited in Bey... ...;!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> â€Å"Steve.† Personal Interview. 28 April, 2003. Works Consulted â€Å"Gold Mountain Dreams,† and â€Å"Between Two Worlds.† Becoming American: The Chinese Experience. Narr. Bill Moyers. Producer Thomas Lennon. PBS. 25-26 March 2003. Jen, Gish. Mona in the Promised Land. New York: Vintage, 1997. Piller, Ingrid. â€Å"Passing for a Native Speaker: Identity and Success in Second Language Learning.† Journal of Sociolinguistics 6.2 (2002): 179-206. Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press, 1997. Tong, Yuk Yue, et al. â€Å"Language Use as a Carrier of Social Identity.† International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 23.2 (1999): 281-296.

Richard Ii - Silence Is The Plot :: essays research papers

In this play of challenge and debate, could it be possibly suggested that King Richard had a part to play in the murder of his uncle the Duke of Gloucester? Could the reader possibly pick up this assumption having known nothing about the play? These are all factors that one must find by reading in between the lines, noticing and understanding the silence that is exchanged. For the silence is just as important as the speech.Why is it assumed that King Richard II has anything to do with the murder? Let us review a scene from the play were Gaunt accuses Richard of being accountable for Gloucester's death. "Gaunt: O, spare me not, my [brother] Edward's son, For that I was his father Edward's son, That blood already, like the pelican, Hast thou tapp'd out and drunkenly carous'd. My brother Gloucester, plain well-meaning soul, Whom fair befall in heaven 'mongst happy souls, May be a president and witness good That thou respect'st not spilling Edwards blood." (II.i) That passage simply states: You may be a king, but you could have respected my brother enough not to kill him. There is also another quote were Mowbray indirectly suggests that the King is also at fault. "Mow: O, let my sovereign turn away his face, And bid his ears a little while be deaf, Till I have told this slander of his blood, How God and good men hate so foul a liar." (I.i) Yet with saying this remark about the King, he also begs for his innocence. "Mine honor is my life, both grow in one, Take honor from me, and my life is done. Then, dear my liege, mine honor let me try; In that I live, and for that I will die." (I.i) These passages indirectly state that King Richard II is at fault for the death of his uncle. But for the reader to see this they must break down the play and search for those "hidden meanings".For the ordinary reader, who does not search, the text clearly states that the fight for innocence is distinctly between Bullingbrook and Mowbray. Such an example can be found in Act I: "Bull: That he [Mowbray] did plot the Duke of Gloucester's death,Suggest his soon-believing adversaries,And consequently, like a traitor coward,Sluic'd his innocent soul through streams of blood." The rest of the dialogue converses back and forth between Bullingbrook and Mowbray, each fighting for their own innocence.

How Does Groupthink Affect Decision Making in an Organasation Essay

Colman(2001) in a dictionary of psychology defines groupthink as â€Å" a collective pattern of defensive avoidance , characteristic of a group decision making in organisations in which group members develop rationalisations in supporting illusions of their own infallibility and invulnerability within the organisation . †p. 318. It entails that there is more of concurrence than critical thinking when making decisions in an organisation. This article will discuss how groupthink can affect decision making in an organisation such as school, political party and airtel (Business Company). Groupthink can cause poor performance or even failure to achieve the organisations objectives. Its tendency of seeking concurrence can for example make a wrong decision triumph (Shepherd, 1964). For instance, a cafeteria committee can change the supplier of food stuffs. If the group does not objectively consider the decision may end up selecting poor food stuffs that may be unhealthy to the students. Coon and Mitterer (2007) state that the urge to make such decisions may arise from the need to maintain others approval even at the cost of critical thinking. In apolitical party groupthink results in poor allocation of resources. For example, parties spend a great deal of resources of University Party Wings at the expense of the grassroots electorate. It a phenomenon that protectors of their group do not scrutinise critically but merely sustains the tradition due to failure to see other alternatives that could be available. Groupthink creates failed systems in organisations (Harvard business School, Online). Institutions are likely to repeat or continue of ineffective projects. Members of a group converge their opinions without objective analysis (Brown, 1965). This results in no consultations as outer groups are seen as enemies. They also feel to be infallible. A failed system is thus likely to emerge due to groupthink. For instance, airtel introduced some irrelevant airtime bundles which they had to reverse after some time because they discovered that they made two identical bundles. In a school as an institution, a possible example of how groupthink can affect decision making is that some students in class may yield to groupthink. Teachers have to note the enormous ability of students to influence others in decisions. Through groupthink learners might agree on a wrong decision or force others to agree (Gage, 1995). Learners may thus fail to grasp the intended learning outcomes. Groupthink also affects decision making in organisations in the way that solutions that are initially presented by most members are never re-examined to seek out less obvious shortfalls and strengths. They even fail examine those original points that were supported by the majority. This leads to decisions that result in costly mistakes. For example, there could be an element of groupthink in primary schools who force learners to pay money to access the free primary education. The teachers claim that the money is for the salary for watchmen among other claims, yet it is clear that that is the duty of government. The results in such primary schools has been increased abscondment let alone drop outs. Similarly, some primary school committees have decided to compel learners to be fetching firewood for the as School Feeding Programme. This costs students time and the rationality of the decision is questionable. The other way in which groupthink affects decision making in organisation is that decisions are centre around the control of one person usually a leader who protects the group from adverse information that might undermine the existing complacency. Direct pressure is also mounted on any member who might hold dissenting views on consensus opinion (Colman, 2001; Weiten, 2007). This automatically rules out comfortable participation from members there by compromising the credibility of an rganisation’s decisions. This in turn blocks communication flow which is vital in any organisation. For example, in Political Parties such tendencies lead to divisions manifested in emergency of mutinies such as that of United Democrat Front earlier this year when others went on with the Convention while other shunned it. In conclusion, groups are supposedly thought to have high likelihood of making brilliant decisions yet this is not always the case (Cartwright and Zander, 1968 cited in Levine and Moreland, 1995). It has been found that groupthink can affect the decision making in organisations that lead to poor decisions. Costy mistakes are made, objectives are not effectively achieved and groups fail to change a failing policy. Whyte (1989) points out that the wish for unanimity overrides members motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. Thus, it can be argued generally that the effect of groupthink in organisation decision making is that it declines the quality of decisions tha t compromise the ambitions, efficiency and productivity of an organisation.

Describing The Situation Essays

Describing The Situation Essays Describing The Situation Paper Describing The Situation Paper The company that will be used as a case study in this paper is Beverly Health And Rehabilitation Center located in Jacksonville, Arkansas (Bates 11). Describing The Situation Kimberly Holdford stops by the Beverly Health in June of 1997 to pay a visit to her grandmother (Bates 11). Her grandmother is Jewel Elizabeth Forester (Bates 11). Forester has been at the center for a month already (Bates 11). She was admitted to the center due to a bout with a flu which has been causing her to become excessively dehydrated (Bates 11). Forester does not like the center (Bates 11). The aides at the center refuse to aid Forester when taking a bath, do not take her to the bathroom, and cause her to get soaked in feces and to cry endlessly (Bates 11). Holdford have no choice but to let her grandmother remain in Beverly (Bates 11). Beverly is the only nursing home with an available patient slot at that time (Bates 11).   An employee tells Holdford that her grandmother has been treated this way because the center is lacking employees or what is called, â€Å"understaffed,† (Bates 11). Forester is still active and sharp at her age of eighty years old (Bates 11). Before Holdford left for the camping trip in June of 1997,   Holdford noticed that her grandmother has been groggy and disoriented and would not wake up (Bates 11). However, Holdford thought then that the competent doctors at the center would come to her grandmother’s aid immediately, so Holdford had a peace of mind to leave the center in order to go on to went on a camping trip with her husband and twin daughters (Bates 11). But, no doctor attended to Forester that day (Bates 11).   On Monday, Forester was found almost comatose (Bates 11).   When brought to the hospital, the doctors discovered That Forester has been suffering a three time overdose of the therapeutic medicine Digoxin (Bates 11). Beverly staff had given Forester an overdose intake of the medication (Bates 11). This mistake has then caused the untimely death of Forester (Bates 11). How The Management Handles The Situation A vice president of Beverly, Dan Springer, has acknowledged their mistake (Bates 11). He has admitted that center has been having dilemmas when the nursing home has finally ceased operation as required by the state (Bates 11). Numerous patients at Beverly also suffered some disastrous situations. The management team of the nursing home has constantly been unable to resolve other similar problems such as this that it has gotten so worse that the state needed to require it to cease operation. The Outcome Federal officials have required their staff to conduct thorough investigation on the operation of nursing homes all over the United States (Bates 11). President Clinton has ordered that repeated offenders be penalized, the justice department investigates fraud and abuse in the nursing homes, and Congress has been willing to revise medical benefit programs policy in order to be able to shoulder long-term care expenses (Bates 11). But, these efforts focus more on cutting down on expenses in nursing home operations than in providing good quality nursing care (Bates 11).   As long as government officials are not able to realize this, the dilemma would not be resolved. How The Case Affected The Organization The case is just one of the mishaps that have occurred at Beverly. It sparked the start of mishap events that occurred further thereafter within the center. These mishaps in turn, caused the center to be forced by the state to stop its operations. Bates, Eric. â€Å"The Shame Of Our Nursing Homes.† The Nation 29 March 1999:11.

010 Rhetoric and Logos Professor Ramos Blog

010 Rhetoric and Logos Quick Write Quick Write What would someone have to do to change your opinion on something? What is an Argument? Contradiction? Claims, reasons, and evidence. Argument a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong. Intro to Arguments/Rhetoric Language is an art form. Here is the  Wikipedia definition of Rhetoric. Rhetoric  is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle’s  definition  of rhetoric â€Å"The faculty of observing, in any given case, the  available means of persuasionâ€Å" Ethos: Appeals to Ethics, Credibility or Character. Ethics, ethical, trustworthiness or reputation, style/tone. The credibility of the speaker persuades. Pathos: Appeals to Emotion. Emotional or imaginative impact, stories, values. Uses emotional response to persuade an audience. Logos: Appeals to logic. Persuade by reason and evidence. Logos Evidence, S.T.A.R. Sufficient Typical Acceptable Relevant Rhetorical Questions Signposts Transitions and connections Pre-buttals Anticipate objections and answering Quick Write Take two minutes to write something you can share with us about Hidden Intellectualism. Graff â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† (264) In the article â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism,† Gerald Graff argues that schools should encourage students to write about subjects that interests them. While passion about a subject does not necessarily mean they will write well about it, they can benefit from reflective and analytical writing about subjects they care about. Nonacademic subjects can be â€Å"more intellectual than school† (267). What does he mean by intellectual here? Look at paragraph 10 on page 267. Real intellectuals turn any subject, however lightweight it may seem, into grist for their mill through thoughtful questions they bring to it, whereas a dullard will find a way to drain the interest out of the richest subject (265). Do you agree with this statement? Why? Who is his audience? What is his purpose? Give me the student anytime who writes a sharply argued, sociologically acute analysis of an issue in  Source  over the student who writes a life ­less explication of  Hamlet  or Socrates’  Apology  (270).

Japanese Writing Systems

Japanese Writing Systems Kanji was introduced to Japan nearly 2,000 years ago. It is said that 50,000 kanji characters exist, though only about 5,000 to 10,000 are commonly used. After W.W.II, the Japanese government designated 1,945 basic characters as Joyo Kanji (commonly used kanji), which is used in textbooks and official writings. In Japan, one learns about the 1006 basic characters from Joyo Kanji, in elementary school. A lot of time is spent at school learning kanji. It would be very helpful for you to learn all the Joyo Kanji, but the basic 1,000 characters are sufficient to read about 90% of the kanji used in a newspaper (about 60% with 500 characters). Since childrens books use less kanji, they would be a good resource to practice your reading. There are other scripts to write Japanese beside kanji. They are hiragana and katakana. Japanese is commonly written with a combination of the all three. If you want to learn Japanese writing, start with hiragana and katakana, then kanji. Hiragana and katakana are simpler than kanji, and have only 46 characters each. It is possible to write an entire Japanese sentence in hiragana. Japanese children start to read and write in hiragana before making an attempt to learn some of the two thousand kanji commonly used. Here are some lessons about Japanese writing. Hiragana LessonsKatakana LessonsKanji Lessons

Discussion 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion 8 - Assignment Example This can be accomplished through a variety of incentives as well as implementing new requirements for the landscaping of any new housing development. The outright legislation of what type of plants that an individual is allowed to plant in their own yard may seem a bit draconian, especially to those that have lived in the LA area for many years. As such, a good remedy to this would be to require that any new housing developments and or landscaping projects must adhere to some minimum drought hardy requirements. Simply having a green lawn is not reason for a fine; however, if water records can substantiate that the individual is wastefully using public resources solely for beautification purposes, that individual should be forced to pay a penalty for this luxury because the aforementioned individual is taking the resources of the entire public. It is a part of the American societal norm. We are constantly shown perfect, green, beautifully manicured lawns in movies, television, advertisements, and other forms of marketing. We are told that this is what we should all ascribe to and in so doing we will be able to further delineate ourselves from the rest of the neighborhood as the person who has the best grass – as if that really matters. In the first article that was assigned, it stated that the lawn business was a several hundred billion dollar a year money making machine; as such, the firms that benefit from this infusion of money will continue to lobby and advertise and market this form of â€Å"happiness† to an unwitting public. It depends on how severe the drought is or if the water system has reached or is near reaching absolute capacity. Going so far at this juncture as tearing out non-native plants would be a bit severe especially since such a broad ranging edict would have many negative effects on the local environment including

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing Essay

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that multiplexing refers to a resource that is shared among many users and they are of two types;Â   The Time Division multiplexing where periodically only one user gains full capacity control at a time (TDM) and the Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) where all users get exclusive control of the link capacity. Packet switched networks entails small units of packets being routed through a network. It is footed on the target address enclosed in each packet allowing the same trail to be shared among many consumers in the network. Thus, in this type of network, packets do not follow any pre-defined pattern as it is transmitted from different sources. From the above information, it is true that Packet switching uses statistical multiplex where data packets are transmitted to many users by a single source link. Statistical multiplexer utilizes statistical knowledge of the system and the users hence assuring the quality of service rendered. Â  T herefore, multiplexing is the process of transmitting different data packets simultaneously by combining the signals into a single signal that ably moves through a bandwidth. Later when the signal arrives at its destination it re-assimilates into its normal form and the user receives it. The accurate pattern of the multiplexing course relies heavily on the nature of transmission For example when transmitting analog the signals are multiplexed using the frequency based multiplexing where the bandwidth is alienated into subchannels, thus allowing them to flow in an analogous manner.... Its design is founded on Rate and Distortion(R-D) (Watkinson, 2008, p. 52)information hauled out from consecutive planned frames. The model considers inter-frame dependencies unambiguous to the implication of encoding limitations of a specific frame over the consecutive one. Describe how a botnet can be created and how it can be used for a DDoS attack Botnet is also known as Zombie army. They consist of large numbers of infected computers mainly by the Trojan that habitually opens the Internet Ray Chat (IRC). It simply refers to (Sun, 2007, p. 65) an organized robotic army of zombies that are used for creating a denial of service attacks (DDoS), as well as permitting spam actions in the inbox and dispersing viruses (Schiller, 2007, p. 30). Zombies are linked to the internet and thus they are used to execute wicked tasks under distant directions. Botnets has four components namely 1) Diagnosing the computer with wicked codes. 2) Connection to the command and control channel assembled by the attacker.3) Downloads secondary payload on command of the attacker and 4) Performing a wicked activity When creating a botnet one needs an access to several computers, high speed internet contact, a configuring window networking a server virtualization, installed version of c + + + 6.0 as well as a Servicer pack 6 for visual c + + + and PSDK- x86 and lastly the xBot code. Basically, botnets are created through a worm program that is normally transmitted through a spam, spyware and other adware campaigns that leaves some files behind (Watkinson, 2008, p. 76). After installing the visual C+++ 6.0, the service pack 6 and the PSDK –x86 one goes ahead to compile and configure xBot. This is done by clicking on file open workspace of the visual c+ + + 6.0 and loading the

Welfare Law (See below for details of the question) Essay

Welfare Law (See below for details of the question) - Essay Example al., 2005, pgh. 1). It was determined that, â€Å"In Street v. Mountford [1985] A.C. 809 [the] House decided that where residential accommodation is granted for a term, at a rent with exclusive possession, the landlord providing neither attention nor services, the grant is a tenancy notwithstanding the fact that the agreement professes an intention by both parties to create a mere licence† (â€Å"Bruton v. London & Quadrant Housing Trust 1999, House of Lords,† 2009). Housing in the UK is rather expensive when one compares prices there to the rest of Europe. Speaking frankly, â€Å"†¦in terms of their impact on the disposable incomes of families, housing in the UK is substantially more expensive than in the rest of the European Union. This generates real affordability problems, especially given strong inflationary pressures within the owner-occupied sector. This aspect of home ownership needs to be emphasised, for other housing tenures have lost favour† (Gallent, et. al., 2002, pp. 153). In fact, it is probably not a good idea to buy property in the UK unless one is absolutely certain one wants to. â€Å"Many foreign markets are without a doubt more risky than investing in property in the UK market†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barrow, 2008, pp. 387). â€Å"Unlike fixed-term tenancies, periodic tenancies have no initial limit on how long they will last, since they automatically continue from one period until the next until brought to an end by the appropriate period of notice. A periodic tenancy can arise expressly, but it may also arise by implication†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Clements, et. al., 1996, pp. 9). In addition, this implication â€Å"†¦may arise when a person has been allowed into occupation of property with the intention of creating a tenancy and rent is thereafter paid on a periodic basis. Payment of a weekly rent in such circumstances may create the inference of

Pepsi Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pepsi Co - Essay Example The sales of the company have reached $30.4 billion according to estimates made in 2010. The intense competition in the market has led the company to take effective and strong measures to improve their financial standing as well as market reputation throughout the world. This is the reason that Pepsi initiates several promotion programs throughout the world every year. They have also reached the whole world to increase their market capacity so that they win the ‘sale-race’ against their mainstream competitor Coca-Cola. The marketing promotions and programs have led the Pepsi Cola Inc to become one of the top competitors of Coca-Cola. Their competitor has although a large market share, but still Pepsi is keep emerging into the market as the mainstream beverages company. The total net revenue of the company in the end of 2010 was $57,838 million, which were quite lesser than the revenue generated by Coca-Cola Inc in the end of 2010. According to the current balance sheet prepared by the company officials in 2011, Pepsi has current assets of $17,834,000 thousands, which is also quite lesser than that of Coca-Cola but the different of assets has decreased compared to the data recorded 5 years ago, and that shows the company growing its business and excelling its competitors. Whereas, the total assets owned by the company are more, i.e. $75,378,000 thousands. The total liability of the company is $51,801,000, whereas total equity of the company is $23,577,000. And the total liabilities and equities of the company is $75,378,000 thousands. Compared to the soft drink sales in 2010 of Coca-Cola’s 1590 million cases, Pepsi was only able to sale 892 million cases, which means that Coca-Cola was able to make more than around 40% of more profit than that of Pepsi. The company’s gross profit margin in 2011 records was 57%. Their current ratio is 1, and cash per share is %1.97. Their cash flow per share is

Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Week 4 - Essay Example ected is accurate, all the team members should evaluate the operational descriptions of the data and ensure they are all correct, can be easily understood and completed. Therefore, awareness of the reliability and validity of the data collection tool used in quantitative research project is vital (Joint Commission Resources, Inc., 2008). Ensuring that the data collection tool is accurate is very crucial in qualitative research. Using consistent data collection tools increases the validity and consistency of the data collection. For example, a different person should collect the same data one has obtained at a different time. One cannot assume the blood pressure measurements taken are all accurate unless he or she is certain that the sphygmomanometers are often calibrated and all the doctors and nurses are well trained to provide best practice on taking blood pressures. A well cross-examined questionnaire will ensure that there are no shortcomings that lead to the collection of unreliable data. One is advised that if he or she cannot get a reliable collection tool, he should ensure that they carry out a pilot test first to avoid the difficulties. To improve on the reliability of data collection, training should be undertaken to all those who are providing data in correct procedures of data entry. Collecting unreliabl e data will lead to wrong results of the qualitative research (Chambers & Wakley, 2005). Cultural background is important in ensuring that one gets the information that one requires. When interviewing Ms. Li some of the cultural considerations that are important to remember include the preference of Asian Americans to herbal medicine, intimate partner violence or abuse among Asian Americans and the belief that the human body is whole and that each part is intimately connected, therefore when sick the whole body should be treated. The abuse assessment screen refers to a screening tool that is used to evaluate indications of abuse or violence against

Pepsi Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pepsi Co - Essay Example The sales of the company have reached $30.4 billion according to estimates made in 2010. The intense competition in the market has led the company to take effective and strong measures to improve their financial standing as well as market reputation throughout the world. This is the reason that Pepsi initiates several promotion programs throughout the world every year. They have also reached the whole world to increase their market capacity so that they win the ‘sale-race’ against their mainstream competitor Coca-Cola. The marketing promotions and programs have led the Pepsi Cola Inc to become one of the top competitors of Coca-Cola. Their competitor has although a large market share, but still Pepsi is keep emerging into the market as the mainstream beverages company. The total net revenue of the company in the end of 2010 was $57,838 million, which were quite lesser than the revenue generated by Coca-Cola Inc in the end of 2010. According to the current balance sheet prepared by the company officials in 2011, Pepsi has current assets of $17,834,000 thousands, which is also quite lesser than that of Coca-Cola but the different of assets has decreased compared to the data recorded 5 years ago, and that shows the company growing its business and excelling its competitors. Whereas, the total assets owned by the company are more, i.e. $75,378,000 thousands. The total liability of the company is $51,801,000, whereas total equity of the company is $23,577,000. And the total liabilities and equities of the company is $75,378,000 thousands. Compared to the soft drink sales in 2010 of Coca-Cola’s 1590 million cases, Pepsi was only able to sale 892 million cases, which means that Coca-Cola was able to make more than around 40% of more profit than that of Pepsi. The company’s gross profit margin in 2011 records was 57%. Their current ratio is 1, and cash per share is %1.97. Their cash flow per share is

Critical Analysis and Reflection of Cases in the West Yorkshire Essay

Critical Analysis and Reflection of Cases in the West Yorkshire Jurisdiction - Essay Example In terms of completing a particular task of enforcing the law, like other police staff forces, the Yorkshire police force tries to implement all the necessary ethical and lawful guidelines altogether as they put themselves into a particular situation that might not be that easy for just anyone to be under. In the context of this discussion, a practical presentation on how the police force carefully yet strongly implements the systems of the law in the community shall be tackled in an aim to show how important the responsibilities of the said officers in the society are. A repeat offender was caught in the possession of five cannabis plants. These plants were processed for growth through a hydraulic set up. The 26-year-old man producer of drug has been in the watch list of the police as he has long been accused of possession and distribution of drugs for at least 26 previous convictions. These convictions prove the operation of the man and are further proven by the seen evidences in his home. Besides that, the convicted man has also been reported to have a 1000 in his pocket amidst the fact that he does not have a job. He was also seen with a young girl aged 18 who was doubted to have been using the drug along with the 26 year old man. She was rather asked some questions and sworn that she did not know about the ongoing procedures of producing drugs in the house. Given all t Given all the substantial evidences, the need to capture the man is essential. The informant who is the man's mother is asked to go back as she was found clean of the course of her son and was appointed to stay with her grandchild. Legalization, policy and Guidelines Section 23 of PACE allowed the search of the premises of the arrested person at the time of arrest without a warrant1. Subsection 1 says that a constable is allowed to search a person when he is arrested in a place, which is not the police station especially if he poses a danger to himself or others. The search is meant to uncover any thing that he might use to escape custody or which might be evidence in the crime. Subsection 2b allows the search of premises in which he was arrested. The powers do not allow the constable to unclothe or remove any clothes to achieve the purpose of discovering evidence. Moreover, this section does not allow a police officer to return to a site and examine the premises for evidence to corroborate the earlier arrest as he then requires permission from the inspector. Changes have been made in the trigger powers validated by Section 32. Search of the person and premises are allowed only in indictable offences as per the revisions from the midnight of Dece mber 31st 2005 in which the searching of premises and seizing of property are concerned2. The PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984) Section 18 was used for searching the premises of the girl's house and the house that both of the arrested rented for two days. This section of law allows the constable to enter and search the premises occupied or controlled by the person arrested and that relates to the offence, after the arrest3. A permission from the officer of the rank of Inspector of Police is required if the searches are done after the arrested are taken to the police station. This

Islam and Women Essay Example for Free

Islam and Women Essay If a woman is married and her husband is niggardly, the wife has the right to take of her husband’s property without his consent, to satisfy her own and her family’s reasonable needs. Also, if a woman was comfortably maintained as a daughter, then as a wife, she is entitled to the same economic standard of living if her husband can afford it. Employment Islam gives the woman the same work rights as men, so long as her important role as a mother and a wife is not neglected. The sacred role of a wife and mother is paramount and indispensable to society. Without her, the future generation would lack the healthy moral conscience that is needed for the success and stability of any individual and community. Professionalism, hard work, and loving commitment are the natural skills that a woman as a mother, imparts. However, Muslim women are free to pursue employment if they are able to, and with the agreement of their husbands if married. History is witness to Muslim women’s contribution to civilisation in various professions such as teaching, medicine and other fields. Inheritance Islam gives the woman the right of inheritance whereas in some cultures, women were considered themselves objects to be inherited! The woman is allotted a share of inheritance and this is hers to retain and manage no one can lay any claim to it, including her father or her husband. Allah says: â€Å"Unto men [of the family] belongs a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be a little or much a determined share. † (Ouran 4:7) Generally, (but not always), her share is one half the man’s share. The woman is her own â€Å"manageress† in Islam; in discharging her responsibilities, she fully enjoys the fringe benefits that her position offers while her independent decisions and duties are accountable to Allah. Indeed, throughout history, the integrity, chastity and maternal role of Muslim women has attracted admiration from even the most impartial observers. For it is only Islam that covers the woman with the robe of modesty and crowns her with the bonnet of purity, providing her with the unique opportunity to contribute comfortably to society. What Grace and Mercy the Beneficent showers upon the woman! For every joy experienced and every effort made, willingly and lovingly on the Path of Allah’s Pleasure, the woman, just as the man, receives the same good-tidings of the happiness and delights, that are ever-flowing from Allah. â€Å"Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily to him We will give a new life, a life that is good and pure and We will bestow on such, reward according to the best of their actions. † (Qur’an 16:97)

Cultural Revolution in China

Cultural Revolution in China The Cultural Revolution left an imprint on China for Decades and really shaped and influenced all political things that took place in China and also to an extent left a large direct effect on China itself and a lasting legacy that resonated in mainland China and outside China that influenced many different things. This will be proven by first going through what exactly is the Cultural Revolution, because it is important to look at what the Cultural Revolution actually is. This will lead into the next part of having a look at the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution on China. Following that this essay will move onto looking at the exact legacy the Cultural Revolution has left on China by breaking it down into individual parts. The Cultural Revolution or as it is known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Clark, 2008) was a socio political event that began in the Peoples Republic of China in 1966 and ran for ten years until 1976. The Revolution was set into motion by Mao Zedong, the leader of China and the head of the Communist Party based in China. The set goal of the revolution was the reinforcement of Chinese Communism by removing all capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from the Chinese society and enforcing Maoist orthodoxy within the Communist Party. The Revolution was officially launched in May 1966 after Mao had alleged that wealthy elements in Chinese Society were infiltrating the Chinese Government and Society with the aim of restoring capitalism. He insisted that these elements be completely removed though a violent class struggle. In response to his calls, Chinese youth formed Red Guard groups around the country and began their campaign. Mao in support of this ordered the party and the army not to interfere. The movement though spread into all aspects of Chinese culture, politics and military. This resulted in wide spread factional struggles in all aspects of Chinese life. It resulted in the near decimation of the Chinese Communist Party leadership to such an extent that only four of the seventeen members of the 1956 Politburo survived to the Ninth Congress in April 1969 Mao himself, his acolyte Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Li Xiannian all the rest been either imprisoned or killed. Additionally millions of people were arrested in these violent factional struggles that took place across the country. These people were subject to a wide arrange of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, sustained harassment, and seizure of property. (Johnston, 2010) As well as this a large portion of the public were forcibly displaced, most noticeable was the transfer of pretty much all urban youth in the final stages of the Cultural Revolution to the rural regions during the Down to the Countryside Movement, to learn from the peasants. On top of this sticking to the gaol of wiping out all traditional Chinese Culture numerous historical relics, artefacts were destroyed and Cultural and religious sites were either ransacked or destroyed. While Mao declared the Revolution over in 1969, its active phase lasted until 1976. From 1969 to 1976 there was a gradual return to normalcy as China really began to take the right course after realising the damage the Cultural Revolution had caused. Following Maos death and the arrest of the gang of four in 1976, reformers led by Deng Xiaoping gained power and by 1978 most of the Maoist reforms that were associated with the Cultural Revolution had being abandoned and any mention or evidence of the Cultural Revolution been highly censored and hidden from the public. Since the end of the Cultural Revolution it has been treated widely as a negative phenomenon that damaged China for decades afterwards. Essentially the Cultural Revolution directly impacted all of Chinas population in one form or another. During the Revolution, all economic activity in any form was virtually halted, with the revolution been the primary objective of the country. At the beginning of the Cultural revolution large numbers of red guards were brought to Beijing with all expenses paid by the government, these large numbers resulted in the railway system been thrown into turmoil. As per the Revolutions goals countless ancient Chinese buildings, antiques, artefacts, books and paintings were destroyed by the Red Guards. In addition to the economic damage, the ten years of the Cultural Revolution brought the Chinese education system to a virtual standstill. University entrance exams were abolished in the early stages of the revolution and not restabilised until 1977 under Deng Xiaoping. Most intellectuals were viewed as a threat to the revolution and were sent to rural labour camps and many of those who survive d left China shortly after the revolution ended. Many survivors and independent observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political struggle in some way. (Dirlik, 1993) In the view of Western observers from the US and followers of Deng Xiaoping, the revolution resulted in almost an entire generation of Chinese people being inadequately educated. An example of this is when measurements of literacy resumed in the 1980s.When they did resume it painted a bleak picture of the impact the revolution had on Chinas education system, Some counties in Zhanjiang had illiteracy rates as high as 41% some 20 years after the revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This effect may have been less if not for the by the elimination of qualified teachers (Johnston, 2010) Which forced many of the districts to rely solely upon chosen students to re-educate the next generation. Overall the direct impact of the Cultural Revolution was that basically everything economic stopped and there was a total breakdown of almost everything and China pretty much lost all of the intelligent workforce which meant they had no high level educated workers like doctors, teachers etc. The first legacy the Cultural Revolution left on China was on the Chinese communist party itself. To try and make sense of Maos leadership of the Cultural Revolution while limiting any damage to the party and their legitimacy to remain in power, the successors that followed Mao needed to really give a historical judgement that worked in Maos and the communist parties favour. On June 27th 1981, the central committee released the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the Peoples Republic of China, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. (Myers, 1995) This Resolution while noting Maos leadership in the Revolution, stated that the chief responsibility for the grave Left error of the Cultural Revolution, an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, lies with Comrade Mao Zedong (Myers, 1995). It lessened the blame on him by asserting that the revolution was manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of both Lin Biao and Jiang Qing, who both caused worst problems and Mao never played a direct part in any of this (Myers, 1995). This official view was primarily aimed at separating Maos actions during the Cultural Revolution from his activities during the Chinese Civil War. This was quite nicely summed up by Deng Xiaoping when he stated that Mao was 70% good, 30% bad (Kilfi, 1999)This has resulted in Mainland China, the history of this time been based solely on the Party line which manages to not solely blame Mao for any of the problems that occurred during this time. As if any of the blame for the Cultural Revolution was placed solely at the feet on Mao, it would cause questions to be asked about the Communist Partys legitimacy to power. The next legacy it has left on China is impacting on Contemporary China itself this legacy on Contemporary China is linked to the legacy left on the Communist party to an extent that the party line on what happened during the Cultural Revolution has spread into contemporary China. The legacy has been left to such an impact that the revolution itself has been actively covered up and any mention of it has been removed. Any sort of Public discussion on the Cultural Revolution in public is strictly limited in China. To this day the Chinese government continues to block news organisations from mentioning any details from the Cultural Revolution, and any sort of online discussions and books about the revolution are subject to high levels of scrutiny. Education materials on the Revolution continue to abide by the official view of the events, blocking younger people from learning the truth about the revolution. Almost all of the government documents from the time of the Cultural Revolution r emain classified and are not open to the public or inspection by independent academics. At the national museum of China in Beijing, the Cultural Revolution is not mentioned much at all in any of its historical exhibits. The reason the government really actively tries to remove the Cultural revolution from Chinese history is the it still considers itself at least in one part or another an inheritor of its legacy . Which really means that the government is worried that continued academic probing and popular widespread discussions will eventually lead ideological conflict and increase social instability and it may threaten the foundations of Communist rule. (Johnston, 2010) This has led to the maintenance of Political and Social Stability been the highest priory of the Chinese government since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989, this includes the securing of the Communist party as well. This has led the government to really adopt the line that it has no interest in re-evaluating any issue that might lead to a split in the Chinese leadership, or which might polarize the Party on ideological grounds. (Slavicek, 2010) Overall the Legacy of the Cultural Revolution on contemporary China is that the government basically fears any knowledge of the revolution in todays world may once again stir up trouble for the Communist Party Outside of mainland China it has left a legacy of inspiring events in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other places around the world. In Hong Kong an anti-colonial pro-communist strike was launched was launched in 1967, which was directly inspired by the Cultural Revolution. In Taiwan a Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched to counter what was considered to be a destruction of traditional Chinese values by the Communists on the mainland. Worldwide, Mao as a response of the Cultural Revolution emerged as a symbol of the anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the Shining Path of Peru, the U.S.-based Black Panther Party (Slavicek, 2010) In Modern times, matters surrounding the Cultural Revolution raised again in 2007, when the Hong Kong Chief Executive remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the dangers of democracy, remarking People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution [], wh en people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place (Johnston, 2010) The evidence is there that the Cultural Revolution has of course left a legacy on Chinas Special territories and has spread to the rest of the world as well in one aspect or another and acts as a symbol of anti-establishment around the world Concluding the Cultural Revolution even though it happened decades ago has and will continue to leave a legacy and will continue to impact China and influence events around the world. It has also made in a way the Chinese worried of fully integrating modern democracy into Chinas political system as it would cause them to come clean about the Cultural Revolution and damage Communist rule

Othello: True Love and Self-love Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: True Love and Self-love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The William Shakespeare tragic play Othello manifests the virtue of love in all its variegated types through the assorted good and bad characters interacting with each other.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the love of the Moor for his beloved even at the time of her murder:    And when he comes to execute justice upon Desdemona, as he thinks, he has subdued his passion so that he is a compound of explosiveness tenderness. Utterly convinced of Desdemona’s guilt and of the necessity of killing her (â€Å"Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†), he yet loves her:    This sorrow’s heavenly; It strikes where it doth love.(55)    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains that there is both love and self-love in the play (201). Initially the play presents a very distorted type of love. Act 1 Scene 1 shows Roderigo, generous in his gifts to the ancient, questioning Iago’s love for the former, whose concern has been the wooing of Desdemona. Roderigo construes Iago’s love for him as based on the ancient’s hatred for the Moor. Thus the wealthy suitor says accusingly, â€Å"Thou told'st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† In order to prove his love for Roderigo, Iago asserts in detail the reasons for his hatred of Othello, who has given the lieutenancy to Michael Cassio, a Florentine.    Secondly, Iago shows his love for his wealthy   friend by rousing from sleep Brabantio, the father of Desdemona. Once the senator has been awakened, Iago makes a series of loud, crude, bawdy allegations against both the general and Desdemona. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tr... ...His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.       Othello: True Love and Self-love Essay -- Othello essays Othello: True Love and Self-love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The William Shakespeare tragic play Othello manifests the virtue of love in all its variegated types through the assorted good and bad characters interacting with each other.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the love of the Moor for his beloved even at the time of her murder:    And when he comes to execute justice upon Desdemona, as he thinks, he has subdued his passion so that he is a compound of explosiveness tenderness. Utterly convinced of Desdemona’s guilt and of the necessity of killing her (â€Å"Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†), he yet loves her:    This sorrow’s heavenly; It strikes where it doth love.(55)    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains that there is both love and self-love in the play (201). Initially the play presents a very distorted type of love. Act 1 Scene 1 shows Roderigo, generous in his gifts to the ancient, questioning Iago’s love for the former, whose concern has been the wooing of Desdemona. Roderigo construes Iago’s love for him as based on the ancient’s hatred for the Moor. Thus the wealthy suitor says accusingly, â€Å"Thou told'st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† In order to prove his love for Roderigo, Iago asserts in detail the reasons for his hatred of Othello, who has given the lieutenancy to Michael Cassio, a Florentine.    Secondly, Iago shows his love for his wealthy   friend by rousing from sleep Brabantio, the father of Desdemona. Once the senator has been awakened, Iago makes a series of loud, crude, bawdy allegations against both the general and Desdemona. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tr... ...His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

Cesar Chavez :: Cesar Estrada Chavez Migrant Workers

Cesar Estrada Chavez was born March 31, 1927, on the small farm near Yuma, Arizona that his grandfather homesteaded during the 1880's. At age 10, life began as a migrant farm worker when his father lost the land during the Depression. These were bitterly poor years for Cesar, his parents, brothers and sisters. Together with thousands of other displaced families, the Chavez family migrated throughout the Southwest, laboring in fields and vineyards. Cesar left school after the eighth grade to help support his family. Cesar served as CSO national director in the late 1950's and early 1960's. But his dream was to create an organization to help farm workers whose suffering he had shared. In 1962, after failing to convince the CSO to commit itself to farm worker organizing, he resigned his paid CSO job, the first regular paying job he had. He moved to Delano, California where he founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). In September 1965, Cesar's NFWA, with 1200 member families, joined an AFL-CIO sponsored union in a strike against major Delano area table and wine grape growers. Against great odds, Cesar led a successful five-year strike-boycott that rallied millions of supporters to the United Farm Workers. He forged a national support coalition of unions, church groups, students, minorities and consumers. The two unions merged in 1966 to form the UFW, and it became affiliated with the AFL-CIO. Cesar called for a new worldwide grape boycott. By 1975, a Louis Harris poll showed 17 million American adults were honoring the grape boycott. It forced growers to support then California Governor Jerry Brown's collective bargaining law for farm workers, the 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act. Since 1975, the UFW won most of the union elections in which it participated. Despite the farm labor board's bureaucratic delays, farm workers made progress. By the early 1980's farm workers numbered in the tens of thousands were working under UFW contracts enjoyed higher pay, family health coverage, pension benefits and other contract protections. In 1991, Cesar received the Aguila Azteca (The Aztec Eagle), Mexico's highest award presented to people of Mexican heritage who have made major contributions outside of Mexico. On August 8, 1994, Cesar became the second Mexican American to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States. President Bill Clinton presented this award posthumously. Cesar Chavez passed away on April 23, 1993, at the age of 66.

Medieval Medicine

Shaan Sarode Ms. Davis English IV – Per. 3 20 October 2010 Impact of Medieval Medicine Imagine when a friend gets sick or catches a â€Å"bug†, they may have two different reactions to it. The first is the realistic approach, which re-visits their recent actions and pinpoints the cause of the symptoms. The other is the non-realistic, which tends to blame supernatural causes. People during the medieval times almost always blamed the supernatural as the cause of these diseases. There were also many limitations in the amount of scientific advancement because of the church.In modern days, we may take for granted the achievements that have been made over the centuries, but these break-troughs could not have been realized, without the foundation and work of scientists during the medieval time. Medieval medicine affected all parts of life in those times, from scientific to social, and in positive and negative ways. Medieval medicine had too many influences from the church whic h therefore hindered its progress. Most of the treatments and beliefs in folk medicine were mystical or magical, and had its basis in sources that were not agreed upon in the Christian faith.Remedies included spells and incantations, but later these had to be replaced with Christian prayers or devotions. The church taught that diseases or ailments were sent by God as a punishment for wrong doing, so many people resisted the explanations of illness. Therefore advancement in medicine was generally frowned upon. The main setback was that, â€Å"scholarship fell into the religious sphere, and clerics were more interested in curing the soul than the body. † (Terry 1)As sanitation and hygiene worsened with the increasing population in England and other parts of Europe, diseases were rampant. â€Å"Medieval Europe did not have an adequate health system. † (Odunsi 5) Edward the III complained to the Lord Mayor of London: â€Å"Cause the human faeces and other filth lying in t he streets and lanes in the city to be removed with all speed to places far distant, so that no greater cause of mortality may arise from such smells. † (Trueman 1) Some people blamed the stench of waste to cause illnesses.Astronomers blamed the planets and their un-alignment. Everyone had their own opinions on the matter as there wasn’t any hard evidence of the actual cause. Another dilemma to the people was the matter of how the diseases spread. As most of the population consisted of farmers in those times, they had little or no, formal education. So when someone acquired a disease, they went to their local physician, which was an all-around doctor. Physicians were scarce, but seen as skilled people because of their ‘knowledge. In reality, their work was based on a very poor knowledge of the human anatomy. (Trueman 3) The affect of medical studies, cures, and its problems left society vulnerable to, in fact more diseases. As people were unaware of the causes and cures, they relied on local physicians who weren’t exactly well versed. This may in turn result in a misdiagnosis and the patient ending up more ill or dead. This dilemma pushed people to seek their own remedies. The most interesting part of medicine in the medieval times was the remedy and curing.These varied throughout society depending on your background, wealth, and religiousness. Some, more religiously bound â€Å"doctors told patients that a pilgrimage to a holy shrine to show your love of God would cure them of illnesses especially if they had some holy water sold at the place of pilgrimage. † (Truman 1) As one can see, any treatment that you thought was right could have worked better than another, as cures were based on more of a philosophical look rather than with scientific back-up.Some weird cures were to hold a candle close to your teeth to burn of the worms on the teeth. Another was to cut a hole in someone’s skull to let out bad spirits, which was supposed to cure their mental disease. All in all, medieval medicine had impacts on society, but was mainly influenced by the thinking and ideas of the time. Works Cited Odunsi, Yolonda. â€Å"Health: What was it really like to live in the middle ages? † Washington, D. C. : Annenberg Media, 1997. Web.

Legacy of the Kazakh Khanate in the Political Culture and Traditions

In 1991 year new state the Republic of Kazakhstan is appeared on the map. The history and culture of Kazakhstan is numbered a thousand years. One of the important issues is about aboriginal population’s origin, formation and origins of its nationality, development of culture and cultural traditions, relationships with other civilizations. Applying for written sources we can verify that Kazakhs khanate had been formed to 1470 when on the territory of Kazakhstan in south-eastern regions Semirechye and in vales of Chu Kazakh sultans Dzhanibek and Girey could head the numerous tribes, which had been jointed in tribe named â€Å"Kazakh†, ‘Kazakhs†.At the beginning of XVI century in the time of Kasymkhan the Kazakh khanate was strengthened, its borders were widened, syrdarya towns Turkestan, Otyrar, Sayram, Sauran, Syganak, Suzak and Chimkent were part of Kazakh khanate . Kazakhstan becomes known in Asia and Europe. The XVI century is an important milestone in the history of Moslem world from which the new time reckoning is began. The distinguished east scientist V. V. Bartold wrote  « In the new history of Moslem in contrast to rapid change of dynasties and powers? olitical instability, states small dimensions and that’s why lack of any whatsoever patriotism, now we can see the countries establishing there. We see the Moslem power of Great Mongols in India, then Turkey, Persia †¦ † Approximately at that time Kazakh, Yarkend khanates had been appeared in Central Asia. The Turkic Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Kara-kalpaks were announced on the historic scene. When the last khan Taukekhan died, the power had deputed to the number of steppe khans and each of them was at the head of separate groups of Kazakhs and the territories Kazakh khanate existed up to 1716.At that time the process of disintegration and decay had began and the end of this process the state was being included in Russian empire. The ethnicon of â€Å"Kazakhâ⠂¬  given the name of state is Turkic word. It is generally agreed that it means â€Å"free man† Kazakhs were very hardworking nomads and farmers, have had the great fat herd, rich pastures, and fertile lands on sub mountain and vales of rivers. But telling about Kazakhs and the first Kazakh nation it is necessary to know that origin of that nation as its culture and statehood dated from centuries. Bibliography: http://www. toptravel. ru/bgkkfl2. htm http://kazakhstan. awd. z Turkic roots of Kazakh political culture and traditions Kazakhstan has a rich past. Its geographical and geopolitical position has played a vital role in promoting the country’s development. Located in the center of Eurasia, Kazakhstan has long found itself at the crossroads of the world’s most ancient civilizations and trade routes. It has been a land of social, economic and cultural exchange between East and West, North and South, and between the major players in Eurasia. At different st ages of its history, various states emerged and developed in the land which became today’s Kazakhstan. All contributed to Kazakh culture.In later centuries, the steppes were home to a powerful state formed by the Huns. Their empire greatly influenced the geopolitical map of that time. The Great Roman Empire in Europe eventually fell from the blows of the Attila the Hun’s daring warriors. Later, the Huns were replaced on the steppes by Turkic tribes. They founded several large states known as â€Å"kaganats† stretching from the Yellow Sea in the East to the Black Sea in the West. These states were distinguished by a culture progressive for that time. They were based not only on a nomadic economy but also on an oasis urban culture with rich trade and handicraft traditions.During this time, cities and caravanserais were founded in the oases of Central Asia, the territory of South Kazakhstan and Central Asia. They stood along the famous trade route known as the Grea t Silk Road which connecting Europe and China. Other trade routes were also important including the route along the Syr Dariya River to the Aral Sea and the South Urals as well the so called â€Å"Sable Road† from South Western regions of Siberia through Central Kazakhstan and the Altai region. It was through trade on the â€Å"Sable Road† that the Middle East and Europe were supplied with expensive furs.Major cities and trade centers founded on these routes included Otrar (Farab), Taraz, Kulan, Yassy (Turkestan), Sauran, and Balasagun. The Great Silk Road not only stimulated the development of trade, it also became a conduit for progressive scientific and cultural ideas. For example, the great philosopher Al-Farabi (870-950) was greatly influenced by the culture of the trade routes. Born in the Farab district, Al-Farabi was dubbed in the East â€Å"the Second Teacher† after Aristotle for his profound researches in philosophy, astronomy, musical theory and mathe matics.The outstanding scholar of Turkic philology Mahmud Kashgari lived here in the 11th century. He created the three-volume â€Å"Dictionary of Turkic Dialects† which summed up Turkic folklore and literature heritages. In the 11th Century, Yusup Balasaguni of the town of Balasagun, a famous poet and philosopher, wrote â€Å"Kutaglu Bilig† (â€Å"A Knowledge that Brings Happiness†) which is recognized as having played an important role in the development of modern social, political and ethical conceptions. The Sufi poet Hodja Ahmet Yassaui, who lived in the 12th century, wrote a collection of poetic thoughts â€Å"Divan-i-Khikmet† (â€Å"Book of Wisdom†).He is famous throughout the Muslim world. Part of the cultural legacy of that period is the elegant urban architecture. Examples such as the mausoleums of Arystan Baba, of the great Sufi Hodja Akhmet Yassaui in Turkestan and Aisha Bibi in Taraz are among the best preserved. Apart from this, the m ost ancient nomads of the region invented the â€Å"yurt†, a dome-shaped easily dismantled and portable house made from wood and felt, ideal for their nomadic life and beliefs. In 1221, Mongolian tribes of Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia and added their culture and values to the increasingly complex society of the region.By the second half of the 15th Century a process of consolidation had begun among the peoples of the Central Asian steppe. This process, derived from the various ethnic and cultural identities, was drawn together by a common world view and lifestyle. The first Kazakh khanates emerged at this time. By the first half of the 16th Century, the formation of a single Kazakh nation was completed. The word â€Å"Kazakh† in the old Turkic language meant â€Å"free† or â€Å"independent† which perfectly fit the character of the people who had been long yearning for their own independent state.In the 17th and 18th Centuries the nomadic Jungar tr ibes directed by the Chinese Bogdykhans started a large scale war against the Kazakh khanate. However, thanks to the courage of the â€Å"batyrs† (knights), the decisiveness of the Kazakh leader Ablai Khan, the diplomatic skills of the Kazakh ‘biys’ (sages) Tole Bi, Kazdausty Kazybek Bi, Aiteke Bi, and self sacrifice of the people, the Kazakhs escaped total capture and physical annihilation. The Kazakh khans were forced to seek the military protection of the Russian Empire, which eventually led to Kazakhstan’s loss of sovereignty in 1871. For a time, the fate of Kazakhstan was tied to theEuropean model of social development and the fate of the Russian State and its peoples. After the 1917 revolution Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan. Kazakhs suffered greatly under Soviet control. Due to the forced collectivization in the 1930s, hunger caused the death of 1. 5 million Kazakhs, which was more than 40 percent of the nation. Hundreds of thousands Kaza khs fled to China and elsewhere. The brightest and the best of the nation were repressed and often shot dead. The regime’s last gasp was the brutal repression of the Kazakh people on December 17, 1986 as they took to the streets seeking justice.Many consider this the beginning of the end for the once mighty Soviet Union. Kazakhstan proclaimed its independence on December 16, 1991, and Nursultan Nazarbayev was democratically elected the first President of the country. Bibliography: Kiessling, Kerstin Lindahl. â€Å"Conference on the Aral Sea: Women, Children, Health and Environment. † Ambio Vol. 27, No. 7 (November, 1998): 560-564. Weiner, Douglas. A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.Soviet transformation of Kazakh society and legacy in political culture and traditions Arguably the most drastic economic policy employed by Marxist-fashioned governments and the Soviet Union was that of agricultural and industrial collectivization. Forcing local Soviets to develop state-controlled farms and industrial construction projects, the Soviet collectivization programs generally had two overarching purposes: the ideological liberation of the Soviet orbit from class antagonisms and the concupiscent parasitism of â€Å"kulak† banditry, and the economic attainment of a fiscally self-sufficient Marxist society.Soviet republics endured two major phases of collectivization that yielded both beneficial and catastrophic effects. The Stalin government (1922-53) initiated collectivization projects as a means to cultivate â€Å"socialism in one country,† with an industrialized war machine and a well-fed population completely free of the capitalist approach. As the Comintern and NATO plunged into the Cold War, the Khrushchev government (1953-64) reimposed agricultural collectivization with the so-called â€Å"VirginLands Program† specifically with the inten t of freeing the USSR from humiliating dependency on Western capitalist food imports. Soviet collectivization made possible economic and industrial achievements that would otherwise have been impossible. However, the blatant accomplishments of collectivization came at a tremendous price, directly creating some of the most horrendous human and environmental catastrophes of the twentieth century.In both phases of Soviet collectivization, the people of Kazakhstan endured by far the worst of these disasters, suffering man-made famines and starvation, irreparable environmental desiccation, the eventual transformation of the entire Aral Sea to saline ruin, mass exodus and displacement, and astronomical casualty. Even worse, the second phase of collectivization (the Virgin Lands Campaign) only exacerbated the irrecoverable environmental tragedies of the first phase.These disasters are entirely derived from the legacy of collectivization. 1 Despite the Soviets' ideological insistence on the benefits of collectivization programs in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh people experienced far greater suffering and calamity than they profited, and are still struggling to recover from the ecological consequences even today. It must be acknowledged that the Soviet Union never intended to directly inflict any physical catastrophe on the Soviet republics or the Kazakh people.It must also be readily emphasized that the Soviet collectivization policy eventually contributed to undeniable industrial, political, cultural, and employment achievements, which transformed tribal Kazakhstan into a modern republic and an exporter of anything from steel, to cotton, to Snow Queen ® vodka. But the price that the Kazakh people were forced to pay was far too high. Both phases of collectivization have inflicted an indelible legacy of agricultural ruin, economic depression, physical ailment, and environmental catastrophe that far outweigh the benefits of the forced proletarian liberation brought by the So viet Union.Unfortunate for the Kazakhs, the tragic legacy of calamitous Soviet agro-economic policy did not fall with the Berlin Wall, and it may require centuries to recover Stalin's first phase of Soviet collectivization represents easily the worst physical and environmental nadir of Kazakh history. The collectivization initiative began almost immediately after the final incorporation of the Kazakh tribes and polities into the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1936.The agricultural potential of the fertile and pristine Kazakh steppe was perceived as an invaluable source of tremendous collective output for the state. As in the other, recently â€Å"liberated† peoples newly incorporated into the USSR, those Kazakhs that were fully absorbed into Soviet society through forced collectivization would eventually enjoy significant benefits that would have otherwise been impossible for the semi-nomadic Kazakhs, such as theoretically near-universal literacy and employment, th e development of urbanized cities and transportation systems, health care, job security, and sustenance.Although the majority of these benefits owe themselves to Soviet policy rather than collectivization itself, these accomplishments must be weighed with the tragic consequences if we are to conclude that collectivization had an overall negative effect on Kazakh society.Bibliography: CNN. com. â€Å"Athrax ‘time bomb' ticking in Aral Sea, researchers say. † CNN. http://www. cnn. com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/21/anthrax. island/ Conquest, Robert. The Harvest of Sorrow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Krech, Shepard, John Robert McNeill, and Carolyn Merchant. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History: A-E. New York: Routeledge Press, 2004.

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Retaining the HR Function Essay Example for Free

Retaining the HR Function Essay Introduction This report is to the executive directors and will be outlining the importance of retaining the HR function within the business. I will be explaining how HR activities support the organisations strategy and how HR professionals support line managers and their staff. HR is essential to the smooth running of the business. HR is there to ensure that the company do not have a high turnover of staff and that training is given to employee. HR is essential to help the company meet its targets, and ensuring that the company complies with legal requirements including Health Safety. How three HR activities support the organisations strategy Recruitment Recruitment is co-ordinated by the HR department and is a major factor on how your business recruits the right type of people to carry out the tasks required. HR will in this instance start from the beginning and advertise for the positions to be applied for, HR will also screen and interview the right type of candidates required and then Induct them once the candidate  is successful in getting the position. This is a time consuming job which the department that HR are recruiting for will not have time for and can spend their time concentrating on their departments. HR are responsible for sending out the necessary letters and paperwork to the candidates. Disciplinary’s / Grievances Disciplinary’s are usually completed due to a employee mis conduct or absence related. The HR team usually monitors all absences and would notify the line manager of any concerns. HR support the line managers by attending these disciplinary meetings and advise on the best course of action to be taken, HR are also responsible for ensuring the necessary paperwork is completed for the disciplinary to take place. Grievances are dealt with by the line managers also and again HR is responsible for ensuring that grievances are dealt with fairly and equally. Induction The HR department are responsible for inducting all new employees who enter into the business. Inductions are quite important in how the new employee fits into the business and responds with the demands and the business strategy. All new employees should be inducted with the practices, policies and procedures and the culture that the company operates in. This will allow the new employee to familiarise and settle into their role with how the business works, this should help keep the employee retention level quite low. The induction process done ‘effectively reflects the employer brand and the values the organisation is promoting. It is important, therefore, to ensure that the induction process reflects the values and culture of the organisation’ (CIPD, 2014) Three ways HR professionals support line managers and their staff Performance management The HR function here will provide you with the best way to maximise the potential of your employees. If you have underperforming employees HR will be able to help you get the maximum out of them. The process is performance management during this period the employee will go through a set of meetings to discuss their performance shortfalls. if after reviewing the  shortfalls the HR department are able to advise of the further necessary steps to take e.g. disciplinary, warnings etc. HR are there to support the managers carrying out the meetings and advising of the best way forward. Legal The HR function for the business in a legal matter would be to ensure that the organisation activities are complying with legislative requirements i.e. pay increase, working time regulations. HR would have to know the employment law to a degree in this way HR would act as an advisor for the company. We may also be making a decision on some occasions depending on the circumstances surrounding the issue or speak to the line managers on further training. more importantly HR are responsible for keeping records e.g. disciplinary, absences, training, as these good records can afford real protection for employers and managers who may need to defend their actions at a tribunal or In other courts (Martin and Whiting, 2013). If the company fails act accordingly to the legal requirements they could possibly face claims, and also the last instance close down the company Training HR is responsible for the training aspect of the business, if a department identifies the need for a training requirement they will notify the HR department. The HR departments responsibility would be to find how the training is going to be given out, i.e. external or internal If external training is required HR who have to find a company who deliver the training and find out the necessary information. This may include costs, venue, duration. HR would also draw up the relevant training contracts so that the company would not lose out financially if the employee was to leave once they had received the training. Conclusion To conclude the above points which I have mentioned, the HR department is an integral part of the organisation and is essential in meeting the business strategy. As you can see from the report without the HR department the business cannot function properly, by reducing the size of the HR department you may ultimately affect other parts of the business and the strategy as  whole. This may lead to an increase in employee retention and legal costs in the form of claims, tribunals etc. The examples of the parts of the business given above where HR is essential are a few and many more functions within the business need the HR department. The HR department are also their to support employee’s and for them to come and see and speak to someone in private and confidential nature this helps with employee relations. With the help of the HR department employees within the organisation are being given the necessary training. These employees who are given the opportunity of progress with the company are more devoted to meeting the business need and most of all the strategy. REFERENCES CIPD. (2014). What is an Induction. Available: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/induction.aspx#link_2. Last accessed 04th December 2014. Martin, M. and Whiting, F.. (2013). Human Resource Practice. 6th ed.. CIPD.